Recognizing the Signs of Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a form of cancer that affects plasma cells in the bone marrow. As this condition progresses, it can cause various symptoms that may initially be subtle but become more severe over time. Recognizing the signs early can be crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment. Here’s a list of key symptoms and signs you might encounter if multiple myeloma is present.

1. Fatigue

One of the most common symptoms associated with multiple myeloma is fatigue. This isn't just a regular tiredness but a profound exhaustion that doesn't go away with rest. The fatigue occurs because the cancerous cells in the bone marrow crowd out the healthy cells responsible for your energy levels.

2. Bone Pain

Multiple myeloma can cause significant bone pain, usually in the back or chest but sometimes in the arms and legs as well. The pain is often made worse with activity and might decrease with rest. This symptom occurs because myeloma affects the bones, potentially leading to bone weakening and even fractures.

3. Frequent Infections

As multiple myeloma progresses, it can impair the immune system's ability to fight infections, leading to an increased risk of illnesses. Frequent infections like pneumonia, sinusitis, or bladder or kidney infections are typical signs that the immune system may be compromised.

4. Anemia

A common consequence of multiple myeloma is anemia, which occurs when there aren’t enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body. Signs of anemia include fatigue, dizziness, and pale skin. This can make individuals feel weak and short of breath even with minor physical activities.

5. Increased Calcium Levels

High levels of calcium in the blood, known as hypercalcemia, can occur with multiple myeloma. Symptoms of hypercalcemia include frequent urination, thirst, constipation, nausea, abdominal pain, and mental confusion. These symptoms result from the cancer cells causing calcium to leach out of affected bones into the bloodstream.

6. Weight Loss

Unintended weight loss can be another sign of multiple myeloma. Individuals may not notice they are losing weight, especially if other more prominent symptoms such as bone pain and fatigue dominate their health concerns.

7. Nerve Damage

As multiple myeloma progresses, it may press on nerves, leading to symptoms like numbness, tingling, or even severe pain in various parts of the body. This is especially common if the spine is affected by the myeloma cells.

8. Kidney Dysfunction

Kidney problems can also arise because the kidneys are responsible for filtering excess waste and damaged myeloma cells can interfere with this process. Symptoms of kidney dysfunction caused by multiple myeloma include weakness, shortness of breath, and swelling in the legs due to fluid accumulation.

9. Low Blood Counts

Besides anemia, multiple myeloma can lead to decreased levels of white blood cells and platelets. This can result in further complications like easy bruising, bleeding excessively from cuts, or suffering from frequent nosebleeds or gum bleeds.

10. Reduced Immunity

The overall effect of multiple myeloma on the immune system means that those afflicted are at a higher risk of infections and have a reduced ability to fight off diseases. This susceptibility can sometimes be the first clue that something is amiss, especially if infections become more severe or recurrent.

When to See a Doctor

If you experience any of these symptoms, particularly if they are persistent or severe, it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional. Multiple myeloma has various manifestations, and recognising these signs can lead to earlier diagnosis and better treatment outcomes.

Knowing the signs and symptoms of multiple myeloma can help individuals seek timely medical advice and potentially catch the disease in its earlier stages. Early and effective intervention is essential for managing multiple myeloma, which can significantly improve the quality of life for those affected.